J516 Mahākapi Jātaka

《猴子与忘恩负义的农夫》

本生经516:大猿本生
一个农夫在森林中寻找走失的牛时迷了路，他跌进深谷里，被一只猴子救了出来。这个人却试图杀害恩人…

绘图/ Ken Chee
设计/ Ken Chee、王宗使
编译/ 自在居友
审稿/ 陈语

The Monkey and the Ungrateful Farmer

Jātaka 516: Mahākapi Jātaka
A farmer lost his way while looking for his lost bull. He fell into a ravine and was saved by a monkey. This man tried to kill his lifesaver…

Illustrated by Ken Chee
Designed by Ken Chee, Ong Chong Sai
Chinese retold by Zi Zai Ju
Translated by Joanne Soo
Proofread by Chan Zhi Hong

 

“迦尸国(Kāsi)的国王” —— 一时，导师佛陀在竹林精舍(Veḷuvana)时，开示关于提婆达多向他投掷石头的事故。当时，比丘众谴责提婆达多促弓箭手射击导师，随后又亲手向导师投掷石头。
“A king of Kāsi.” —— At one time, when Buddha, the Teacher, was living at Bamboo Wood (Veḷuvana), he gave this Dhamma talk about how Devadatta once threw a stone at him. At that time, the bhikkhus blamed Devadatta for asking the archer to shoot the Teacher and then throwing a stone at the Teacher himself.

导师说：“诸比丘！提婆达多不仅现在，而是前生就曾经向我投掷石头”。比丘众请求导师解释，导师便说明隐秘之因。
The Teacher said: “It has not only been in this life where Devadatta threw a stone at me. He has thrown a stone at me in a previous life.” The bhikkhus begged the Teacher to explain to them, so the Teacher spoke the hidden cause.

——————————  

在过去，当梵授王(Brahmadatta)在波罗奈城 (Bārāṇasī) 治理国家时，迦尸迦(Kāsika)村有一位农夫婆罗门。
In the past, when King Brahmadatta was ruling in Bārāṇasī, there lived a farmer in a small village called Kāsika.

有一天，农夫耕地一整天后，松开了系着牛的绳索，继续用锄头整理土地。
After a long day at work, the farmer untied the bull’s rope and continued to work with his hoe.

牛吃着矮树的叶子，渐渐地逃入森林中。
While munching the leaves of the short trees, the bull slowly escaped into the forest.

当察觉到时间已晚，农夫放下锄头去找他的牛。可是农夫找不到他的牛，忧伤不堪。
Discovering that it was late, the farmer laid aside his hoe to look for his bull. However, when he couldn’t find his bull, he was dejected.

他进入森林里，四处搜寻牛的踪迹，走着走着走进了喜马拉雅山。
He went into the forest to look for the bull, and as he walked, he entered the Himalaya Mountains.

这个时候，各种各类的大象从广漠的荒野中出没，猛兽也在夜里开始到处徘徊。
At that time, all kinds of elephants came out in the wild forest and the beasts started to wander around at night.

农夫迷失了方向，在森林里无法出来。
The farmer lost his way and could not find his way out of the forest.

他在森林里迷失了七天七夜，不知道该怎么办。他感到非常饥饿、非常口渴，彷徨无助。恼乱之下，他焦急地期望找到一些水果吃。
The farmer was lost for seven days and did not know what to do. He was very hungry and thirsty. He was also very upset. He hoped he could find some fruits to eat.

这时，他看到在森林的中央矗立着一棵镇头迦(tiṇḍuka)树，上面长满了水果。他先吃掉了落在地上的果实，但仍觉得没有吃饱。
Then, he saw a tinduka tree, standing upright in the forest. He first ate the fruits that had fallen on the ground but he was still not full.

于是，他干脆爬到树上，去吃树上的果实。
So, he climbed up the tree to eat the fruits on the tree.

他吃了一个又一个，渴望吃得更多。突然，他坐的那根树枝像被斧头砍了般断裂开，根本没有一个可以抓牢的地方，他脚一滑，连同树枝一起掉进六十尺的深谷中。
After eating a fruit, he wanted to have more. The branch he was sitting on broke, as if someone had cut it with an axe. However, he could not find a branch to hold on to. He slipped and fell into a ravine that was sixty-cubit deep.

深谷充满了水，而且山涧的水很深，他幸运地活了下来，被困在那里度过了十个漫长的夜晚。
The ravine was filled with lots of water and was very deep. Luckily, he did not die, but was instead trapped for ten long nights.

在这一世，菩萨投生为一只猴子，它拥有壮牛般的尾巴，居住在岩洞窟里。
During this life, the Bodhisatta was born in the form of a monkey. He had a strong oxen-like tail and he lived in a cave.

一天，菩萨正从一根树枝跳到另一根树枝上，吃着树上的各种野果，它看见了农夫。
One day, he was swinging from branch to branch, eating fruits, when he saw the farmer.

看到农夫痛苦、瘦弱的样子，菩萨对他心生慈念，便问道：“你是人，还是不是人呀？”
The farmer was thin and the Bodhisatta took pity on him. The Bodhisatta asked, “Are you a human or a non-human?”

农夫向猴子双手合掌回答说：“我是人，不慎摔入此深谷中，无法逃脱。贤者，您是唯一可以帮我的救命恩人。”
The farmer put his palms together on his chest and answered, “I’m a human. I fell accidentally into this ravine and I cannot get out. Great being, you are the only one who can help me.”

猴子从山中搬来沉重的石头，然后踩在石头上。
The monkey picked a heavy rock and stepped on the rock.

对他说：“你爬在我的背上，用力抓住我的脖子，我把你从山谷中带出去。”
Then, he said, “You climb on my back and hold on to my neck. I will get you up from this ravine.”

农夫听了猴子的指示很高兴。他爬上猴子的背，用手抓住它的脖子。
The farmer happily followed the monkey’s instructions. He climbed up to the monkey’s back and hold onto his neck.

猴子竭尽全力，没有人的力量可以胜过它，很快猴子便把农夫从深谷中带了出去。
No man’s power was better than the monkey who kept trying. The monkey quickly pulled the farmer up from the ravine.

猴子对他说：“亲爱的婆罗门！请你为我看守一下，我疲惫极了，我想睡一下。你千万要留意狮子、老虎、豹和熊，稍为不留意它们随时会杀了我们。”
The monkey then said, “Dear brahmin, please keep watch for me. I am very tired and I wish to sleep. We must be careful of the lions, tigers, leopards and bears. They will kill us any time.”

猴子睡着了。农夫刚开始不为意，可是后来突然生起了邪念 ——“猴子肉就如鹿肉一样好吃，我要吃掉这只猴子，把它杀了来充饥。吃了之后，还可以把多余的肉带在身上作为路途中的食物。我会越过这些艰难的道路，离开这里。”
The monkey took a nap. The man didn’t have bad intention at first but then, he suddenly had an evil thought, “A monkey’s meat is as delicious as a deer’s meat; I want to eat this monkey. I’ll kill him so I won’t be hungry. After eating him, I’ll bring the extra meat as food on the way. I’ll cross the hard roads and leave this place.”

于是，他乘猴子熟睡的时候，拿起石头砸在它的头上。
So, when the monkey was sleeping, the man took a stone and hit the monkey’s head.

所幸他手臂很虚弱，无力的一击并没有把猴子置于死地。
Luckily, his hands were weak and the weak blow did not kill the monkey.

此时，猴子满头鲜血淋漓，它意识到农夫想干什么。猴子即刻起身跃到树上，泪眼盈盈地对农夫说: --
At that time, the monkey’s head was dripping in blood, and knew what this man had tried to do. The monkey quickly climbed up the tree. His eyes were filled with tears. He said,

“先生！请别这样对我，但是你确实这样做了。
相反的，身为长寿的人，你更应该阻止其他人这么做。
哎呀！人啊！我是多么地辛苦才把你从如此偏僻的悬崖峭壁中背出来。”
“Good sir, please don’t do this. But you, venerable sir, have done so!
Instead, as a human with a long-life, you should prevent others from doing so.
Alas! O man! Such a difficult task it is to lift you from such an inaccessible difficult cliff.”

“我把你从深崖里救出来，你却生起邪恶之心。恶人作邪事，这是常理。”
“I saved you from the ravine but you have an evil heart. It is normal that evil people will do evil things.”

它开始为农夫的恶行而祈祷：“邪恶的人啊，愿您不会遭受我现在正承受的痛苦。但愿您不会如竹子果实毁灭竹子那般被毁灭。”
He then proceeded to pray for the sake of the farmer, “O evil-doer, may you not suffer the terrible pain I am suffering now. May you not be destroyed like how the fruit of a bamboo destroyed the bamboo.”

猴子对他犹如对一个爱子那样的充满了慈悲。猴子接着说：“我不再信任你了，你的思维邪恶，不克恶行。我在树上行，你在地上走，跟随着我。我会指示一条出路给你。”
So, the monkey treated him with compassion just like how he treated his son. The monkey then continued to make a powerful and bold statement, “I don’t trust you anymore. Your thoughts are evil and you do not stop yourself from doing evil things. I’ll walk on the tree and you’ll follow me on the ground. I’ll show you the way out of the forest.”

最后，菩萨帮助那农夫从森林中脱险，把他带到人的道路上。
The Bodhisatta then helped the farmer to escape from the forest and brought him to the road of men.

“不如法的人啊！你已经远离了猛兽，走在人的道路上。你沿着这条路而去吧！”
“Evil-doer, you are now far from the beasts and on the road of men. Just go down this road.”

菩萨说完，来到湖里清洗完头上的血迹，它擦掉眼中的泪水，消失在森林中。
After saying that, the Bodhisatta jumped into the lake to clean the blood on his head. He wiped away his tears and disappeared into the forest.

农夫被训斥后，顿时感到周身恼热无比，很快地，他开始全身发烧。
After being reprimanded by the Great Being, the farmer suddenly felt very hot. In fact, his entire body was very hot.

他来到湖边想喝水，湖水有如太阳般的灼热，如血液般的鲜红。
He went near the lake and wanted to drink some water. The water was as hot as the sun and as red as the blood.

他全身开始变化，长出充满脓血的瘤。当湖水滴到他的身上时，身上长出犹如橘子那般大的脓包。脓包破裂后，脓血流出，身体发出阵阵臭味。
His whole body changed. He had blisters full of pus and blood on his body. When the water from the lake dropped on his body, blisters as big as tangerines grew on his body. When the blisters broke, pus and blood flowed out of the blisters. His body was very smelly.

当他来到每一个村庄和城镇，人们都手持着棍棒阻拦他说：“你身上散发出恶臭难闻的气味，不要到我们这里来。”
When he arrived at every small village and town, the people blocked him with sticks and said, “You are very smelly; don’t come to our place.”

农夫对菩萨所犯下的恶行，在这一世有了现世业报——患了麻风病（皮肤病），他成为了这世间类似饿鬼的人。
Because of the man’s evil doings towards the Bodhisatta, kamma took its turn in his life. He had leprosy (skin disease) and became like a hungry ghost in the human form.

他在七年间一直被痛苦折磨着。他彷徨地走着，进入了波罗奈蜜伽奇拉王苑，在栅间摊开芭蕉的叶子，颠狂痛苦地躺着。
He suffered for seven years, walking from place to place until he came to Migacīra Park, in Benares. Still in great pain, he spread some leaves on the ground and lay down.

那时，迦尸国的国土正在扩张。国王在众朝臣的伴同下来到王苑巡回散步。
At that time, the territory of Kāsi was expanding. The king was strolling in the park with his men.

国王见到患麻风病的婆罗门，他的肌肤长满白斑和脓疮，瘦骨嶙峋，且血管突出，容貌实在令人哀怜。
The king saw the man who was suffering from leprosy. The man’s skin had white spots and blisters. He was very thin and looked very pitiful.

见他极需关爱、极为可怜的样子，国王恐惧地问：“你是什么夜叉？”
When the king saw his pitiful look, the king asked in horror, “What yakkha (ogre) are you?”

“你的手脚发白，你的头更白，周身长满脓疮，这么多疾病。你的身体佝偻，脊柱凹凸有如纺锤，手脚上都是瘤子。我不曾见过世上有这样的人。”
“Your hands and feet are white. Your head is even whiter. Your body is full of blisters. You have many diseases. Your body is hunched. There are nodules in your hands and feet. I’ve not seen someone like you in this world.”

“你全身布满尘土、消瘦得血管突现，腿脚颤抖，饥饿得不成人形，你是从哪里来？”
“You’re covered with dust. You’re very thin and your feet are trembling. You’re so hungry until your body is out of shape. Where do you come from?”

“你丑陋不堪、身体匮乏、容貌恐怖，你的亲生母亲一定不愿意见到你现在这个样子。你过去造了什么恶业？无故杀了什么人？还是你做了什么邪恶的事，才会得到如此遭遇和苦难？”
“You look ugly. Your body and face are scary. Your mother will not wish to see you like this. What bad kamma have you created in the past? Who have you killed for no reason? What evil things have you done to suffer like this?”

婆罗门回答说：“大王，我就老实地告诉您吧，正直的人应该说实话。一个说实话的人会被贤者所赞叹。”于是他向国王详细地叙述了全部经过。
Then the man said, “Great king, I’ll tell you the truth. A good man should speak the truth. A man who speaks the truth is praised by the sages.” He told the king his story.

“如今我已承受了七年这样的痛苦，这是我邪恶行为的业报。今天让我来告诉这里的人们：此世欺骗和伤害朋友的人，他的肌肤会得癞疮；死后会投生地狱。”
“I have suffered for seven years. This is the result of my evil doings. Let me tell all of you who have gathered here today: People who lie and hurt their friends will get skin disease and be reborn in hell after they die.”

当农夫向国王讲诉这个故事的时候，大地裂开，他顷刻间死去，落入无间地狱。
As the man was telling his story to the king, the ground suddenly opened. He died immediately and went to Hell.

国王看完发生的一切，他走出花园进入京城。
The king, who saw what had happened, left the park and walked into the city.

——————————

导师开示此佛法后，说道：“诸比丘！提婆达多不只现在，而是过去就已向我投掷石头。”
The Dhamma lesson ended and the Teacher said, “Bhikkhus, Devadatta did not only throw a stone at me now, but in the past too.”

接着，导师贯穿了过去世与现在世：“在那个时候，背叛和伤害他朋友的人是提婆达多，而猴王正是我。”
Then, the Teacher connected the previous birth with the present as follows, “At that time, Devadatta was the one who betrayed his friend, and I myself was the monkey king.”

——————————

教师指南

智慧题：

缘起
一、是什么因缘让佛陀提起这个过去世的故事？

大悲心
二 、你从猴子身上学到了什么？
三 、如果有人伤害你（打你或骂你等等），你会怎么做？
四 、如果你是猴子，你被农夫伤害时，你的感受如何？
五 、在日常生活中，因帮助他人却被对方有意或无意地伤害，我们一般会如何回应？
六 、在这本生故事中，菩萨被农夫伤害时，他的反应是什么？
七 、试讨论，是什么正见让他（菩萨）如此反应或回应？

因果正见
八、如果你是那位国王，听了和看了那位农夫的下场，对你的意义何在？

课程提示：

大悲心
悲心 (karuṇā) 的意思是对不幸和苦难的众生生起悲心、怜悯心和同情心，想要解除和减轻他人痛苦的愿望。

一、错误的悲心（悲伤伪装成悲心）
· 当一个人看到他人受苦，若他为此感到焦虑或担心；他想帮助受苦的人却做不到或做不好，他为此感到不安或伤心，这些都不是真正的悲心，是属于悲伤和忧愁的不善心。

二、真正的悲心
· 是极大的同情心，没有分别心地把悲心扩及一切有情众生，就像父母怜悯自己受苦受难的孩子一样。

· 具有悲心的人不会有这样的想法：“只有别人是好人，并对我好时，我才会以好回报。”相反地，菩萨的态度是 ——无论别人是友善还是不友善，我只会以善心回报。”

· 佛陀和菩萨的大悲心建立在因果正见。这种大悲心的美德，不是菩萨成为佛陀后才拥有的素质，而是佛陀还没成佛之前，即还是菩萨时就已经开始培育的良好性格。

· 故事中的菩萨（猴子）被伤害时，它如何做？它懂得保护好自己而跳上树，避免让农夫再伤害它。菩萨如此做是因为伤害一个有美德的众生，后果会是很严重的。然后，猴子再训斥农夫并带领它离开危险的森林。

 

因果正见
无论他人如何对待自己，因而遭受到苦或乐，那是在承受果报。但若因承受苦果而起了不善的回应，那就在造新的恶业了。反之，若我们以善心回应，这不但消了旧业而且还造下新的善业。消旧业犹如丢掉垃圾，而造新的善业犹如开采黄金矿。

Teacher’s Guide

Wisdom Questions:

Origin of the Teaching

1. What caused the Buddha to tell this past life story?

Great Compassion

2. What did you learn from the monkey?
3. What would you do if someone hurt you (hit you or scolded you etc.)?
4. If you were the monkey, how would you feel when you were hurt by the farmer?
5. In our daily life, how do we usually react when we are hurt intentionally or unintentionally by those we have helped?
6. What was the reaction of the Bodhisatta in this Jātaka story when he was hurt by the farmer?
7. Discuss the Right View that led him (the Bodhisatta) to respond the way he did.

Right View about Kamma

8. If you were the king, what would the farmer’s experience mean to you?

Lesson:

Great Compassion
Compassion (karuṇā) refers to a state of mind that is kind, considerate and empathetic; that desires to relieve and alleviate the suffering of other beings.

1. False Compassion (sadness disguised as compassion)
· If a person is anxious or worried when seeing the suffering of another, wants to help but feels powerless or is unable to provide appropriate relief, if he feels upset or sad about the situation, this is not compassion; it is merely an unwholesome state of mind of sadness or sorrow.

2. True Compassion
· It is the great sympathy to all sentient beings without discrimination; in the way parents unconditionally take care of their children who are in pain.

· A compassionate person does not have the idea that, “When the other person is good and kind to me, then I will respond with kindness.” Instead, Bodhisatta’s attitude is— whether the other person is good or bad, I will still respond with kindness.

· The great compassion of the Buddhas or Bodhisattas is based on the Right View of Kamma. The virtue of great compassion is not a quality acquired only when one becomes a Buddha; but a wholesome trait that the Buddha cultivated before He became a Buddha, that is, when He was a Bodhisatta.

· What did the Bodhisatta (monkey) in the story do after it was hurt by the farmer? It knew to protect itself by climbing up a tree to avoid further injury from the farmer. The Bodhisatta did this as there are terrible consequences for those who harm a virtuous person. The monkey then rebuked the farmer before leading the farmer out of the forest.


Right View about Kamma
When we feel pain or pleasure from others’ treatment, we are merely experiencing the consequences of our kamma. If due to bad kamma and we respond in an unwholesome manner, then new cause of bad kamma will be created. Conversely, if we respond with kindness, this not only eliminates previous (bad) kamma but also creates new good kamma. Eliminating unwholesome kamma is like discarding garbage; and planting new, wholesome kamma is akin to mining gold.

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省思 Reflection

莫忘恩负义，应感恩图报。
即使他人恶，不失己之善*。
*善的力量，即善心和善行。

We should not forget the kindness others have shown us,
But instead, always have a heart of gratitude and repay the kindness;
Even if someone has an evil mind and performs evil deeds,
Our wholesome mind must remain.